| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 5112 | | | Printed | 148 | | | Emailed | 6 | | | PDF Downloaded | 272 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 6 | | |
|
Click on image for details.
|
|
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
|
|
| Year : 2009 | Volume
: 57
| Issue : 3 | Page : 305-309 |
Comparison of the analgesic effect of ibuprofen with mesalamine after discectomy surgery in patients with lumbar disc herniation: A double-blind randomized controlled trial
Hamidreza Pazooki Toroudi1, Mohammad Borghei Razavi2, Hamid Borghei Razavi3, Reza Mostafavi Tabatabayi3, Yaser Tolouei Tabar3, Seyyed Taha Yahyavi3, Mehdi Montazer3
1 Department of Physiology, IRAN University of Medical Science, Iran
2 Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Iran
3 IRAN University of Medical Science, Iran
| Date of Acceptance | 06-Jan-2009 |
| Date of Web Publication | 8-Jul-2009 |
Correspondence Address:
Mohammad Borghei Razavi
Number 217, Shahid Bahonar Street, Tehran
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.53292
Background: Pain management is an important component in the postoperative period following discectomy. Aims: We hypothesized that mesalamine considering its better safety profile, is likely to be a better choice, if it would be as effective as ibuprofen in controlling post-discectomy pain. Settings and Design: A double-blind randomized controlled trial was performed on patients who underwent lumbar discectomy surgery. Materials and Methods: Of the 58 patients who had lumbar discectomy, 27 patients were randomized to oral ibuprofen 500 mg and 31 patients to mesalamine 400 mg, three times a day for nine days following surgery. There was no placebo group. Severity of pain was assessed by using 10- cm visual analogue scale (VAS), once before operation and for nine days after. Statistical Analysis: Mean ± SD pain scores were compared between groups and the statistical difference was estimated by Student's test using SPSS (Version 13). We also calculated the power of each t-test. Repeated measure ANOVA was performed for measuring the effect of time. Results: The age range of the patients was 35 to 60 years (mean: 42.2 years). Mean ± SD preoperative pain scores for ibuprofen or mesalamine-treated groups were 7.852 ± 2.441 and 7.806 ± 2.892, respectively. At the end of day 9, mean ± SD of pain score was 2.704 ± 2.284 and 2.717 ± 2.273 for ibuprofen and mesalamine-treated groups respectively. Both drugs significantly reduced postoperative pain and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups.Conclusions: Since both drugs showed almost equal analgesic effect, considering its safety profile mesalamine, seems to be the preferred choice to alleviate post-discectomy surgery pain.
Keywords: Discectomy, Ibuprofen, Mesalamine, pain, visual analogue scale
How to cite this article:
Toroudi HP, Razavi MB, Razavi HB, Tabatabayi RM, Tabar YT, Yahyavi ST, Montazer M. Comparison of the analgesic effect of ibuprofen with mesalamine after discectomy surgery in patients with lumbar disc herniation: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Neurol India 2009;57:305-9 |
How to cite this URL:
Toroudi HP, Razavi MB, Razavi HB, Tabatabayi RM, Tabar YT, Yahyavi ST, Montazer M. Comparison of the analgesic effect of ibuprofen with mesalamine after discectomy surgery in patients with lumbar disc herniation: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Neurol India [serial online] 2009 [cited 2021 Jan 24];57:305-9. Available from: https://www.neurologyindia.com/text.asp?2009/57/3/305/53292 |
| » Introduction | |  |
Point prevalence of back pain, excluding sciatica, stenosis, or spinal column deformity is 33% [1] and the annual prevalence is 73%. [2] Annual incidence of debilitating back pain (visual analogue scale (VAS) score above 4) in an average healthy adult person ranges from 10 to 15%. [3] Intervertebral disc herniation usually causes a throbbing pain extending to legs. In the majority of patients, symptoms of acute intervertebral disc herniation improve without surgical intervention. Nevertheless, surgical treatment is indicated in some patients in whom the symptoms prolong for longer period, when there is a deteriorating neurologic deficit or when the pain is not relieved by analgesics. Almost two-thirds of patients are completely relieved of pain after a lumbar discectomy surgery; the remaining patients experience a substantial improvement up to 85%. [3] Nevertheless, one of the postoperative problems is to control the inflammation and its consequent pain. The commonly used drug to relieve the pain is ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway is the major target for NSAIDs, the most commonly used medications to treat pain, fever and inflammation. [4] 5-aminosalicylic acid (ASA), mesalamine is another anti-inflammatory drug which inhibits not only the COX pathway but also the lipoxygenase (LO) pathway, preventing generation of leukotrienes, [5] chemotactic responses to the leukotriene B4, [6] and re1ease of IL-1. [7] This drug has good absorption, and provides post-prescription systemic effects by creating a sufficient blood level. [8],[9] In view of the above described features and also better safety profile, compared to ibuprofen, mesalamine seems to be an appropriate drug for relieving the inflammation and pain following discectomy surgery.
| » Materials and Methods | | |
The double-blinded randomized controlled trial was carried out on individuals who underwent lumbar discectomy for intervertebral disc herniation (L4-L5 or L5-S1) in Day Hospital, Tehran, Iran, between January 2004 and January 2005. The surgery involved a midline incision, removing a part of the lamina over the disk (hemilamectomy or laminotomy), removing the lateral part of the f1avom ligament, detecting the thecal sac and nerve root and excision of disk pieces.
All patients received methadone 5 mg intramusclularly immediately after the surgery. Patients were randomly divided into two groups [Figure 1]. Of the 58 patients, 27 (46.6%) were randomized to oral ibuprofen (Group 1), 500 mg three times a day and 31 (53.4%) to oral mesalamine (Group 2), 400 mg three times a day for nine days. Both the drugs were supplied by Aria Pharmaceutical Company, Tehran, Iran. There was no placebo group as the hospital ethics board did not allow the same and also it is unethical not to give relief to the patient for severe pain. All subjects provided written informed consent to participate in the study. The local hospital Internal Review Board (IRB) had reviewed and approved the study protocol.
Patients' pain was scored once prior to surgery and afterwards daily for nine days using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). [10] For consistency of conditions, pain measurement was carried out at 12:00 O'clock every day. The daily pain scores of the patients were recorded in data collection forms. Data of patients, who had taken another analgesic drug for whatever reason or had not consumed the prescribed drugs during the study period, were excluded [Figure 2].
We calculated the mean ± SD of pain (VAS) scores and compared them with pooled t- test and also calculated the power of each t- test. We also used repeated measure ANOVA for measuring the effect of time. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant and minimal desired power considered was 0.8. The software used for the data analysis was SPSS v. 13.0.
| » Results | | |
Patients' ages ranged between 35 and 60 years (mean: 42.2 yrs). Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups [Table 1]a & b.
The pain score prior to surgery was 7.852 ± 2.441 in Group 1 and 7.806 ± 2.892 in Group 2 ( P = 0.949). The comparison of pain scores on day 1 through day 9 in the two groups is shown in [Table 2]. Because of the relatively low power of the tests we could not definitely show any difference. Therefore, we used repeated measure ANOVA to not only minimize the errors of multiple tests, but also to document the effect of time in decreasing the pain scores. Mauchly's test showed that the data were not spheroid ( P < 0.001) suggesting the error covariance matrix of the orthonormalized-transformed dependent variables was not proportional to an identity matrix. Therefore, we reported Greenhouse Geisser results instead of spheroid assumed results. The results showed that the only effective factor in decreasing pain was time (F = 59.683, df = 3.525, P = 0.000) and there was not any significant difference between the two groups of intervention (F = 0.557, df = 3.525, P = 0.672). However, the power of this equality was 17.4% so we can not say that the groups of intervention were really equal [Figure 2].
| » Discussion | | |
This study could not prove the equivalence of these two drugs statistically, however on days 1, 2, 7 and 8 there was a trend in more pain relief with mesalamine compared to ibuprofen. The maximum difference was seen on day 3, mean difference of −0.257, which had the greatest power of 63%, so we can assume that on day 3 pain scores were almost the same. Therefore, we can assume the next greatest difference, −0.144 for day 4, as the greatest negative mean difference. Comparing this value with day 1, 2 and 7 one can see that if they were not equivalent, the probability of having better effect with mesalamine is greater than this probability for Ibuprofen.
Mesalamine treatment has been proved effective in the management of ulcerative colitis. Patients with ulcerative colitis have frequently associated rheumatoid arthritis (RA). [11] Mesalamine is reported to alleviate RA pain to some extent in patients with ulcerative colitis. [12],[13],[14],[15] Mesalamine is a salicylate derivative with analgesic property and inhibits both COX and LO pathways, also being a radical scavenger; [16],[17] It also inhibits connection between formly-metionyl-lucyl-phenylalanin and the receptors located on the neutrophils. [18] Some studies suggest that mesalamine is more effective in ulcerative colitis because of its multiple actions on various functions of the immunity system. [18],[19] This drug enjoys a suitable systemic absorption, and it is anticipated that it provide post-prescription systemic effects by creating a sufficient blood level. [8],[9] Mesalamine is well tolerated and the side-effects are relatively few: Headache, dyspepsia, and dermal rash. Nephorotoxiciy is relatively rare and it appears it has no teratogenic side effect. [20] Ibuprofen, a NSAIDs, inhibits the COX enzyme, thus exerts its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. This drug, however, has numerous side-effects because of COX ? inhibition. The protection of the gastric mucosa by the prostaglandins being undermined, gastric ulceration is the most serious side-effect of the drug. The other less frequently reported side-effects of ibuprofen include: Thrombocytopenia, dermal rash, headache, vertigo, poor sight, amblyopia (very rarely), water and salt retention and edema. Ibuprofen is not recommended for pregnant and lactating women. [21]
Since mesalamine has fewer side-effects compared to ibuprofen, it is safe to suggest that it might be a more suitable and better pain-controlling medication after a discectomy surgery. The present results suggest the equal effectiveness of mesalamine as a safe analgesic.
| » Acknowledgment | | |
We extend our thanks and appreciation to Aria Pharmaceutical Company (Tehran, Iran) for the gift of Mesalamine and Ibuprofen.[22]
| » References | | |
| 1. | Skovron ML, Szpalski M, Nordin M, Melot C, Cukier D. Sociocultural factors and back pain: A population-based study in Belgian adult. Spine 1994;19:129-37.  |
| 2. | Cassidy JD. Carrol LJ, Cote P. The Saskatchewan Health and back pain survey: The prevalence of low back pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults. Spine 1998;23:1860-6. |
| 3. | Carragee E, Cohen S. Reliability of LBP history in asymptomatic subjects? The prevalence and incidence of reported back pain correlates with surveillance frequency. In proceedings of 19 th annual meeting of the North American Spine Ssociety, Chicago: October 26-30, 2004;216. |
| 4. | Khanapure SP, Garvey DS, Janero DR, Letts LG. Eicosanoids in inflammation: Biosynthesis, pharmacology, and therapeutic frontiers. Curr Top Med Chem 2007;7:311-40. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 5. | Stenson WF, Lobos E. Sulfasalazine inhibits the synthesis of chemotactic lipids by neutrophils. J Clin Investig 1982;69:494-7. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 6. | Nielsen OH, Verspaget HW, Elmgreen J. Inhibition of intestinal macrophage chemotaxis to leukotriene B4 by sulphasalazine, olsalazine, and 5-aminosalicylic acid. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1988l;2:203-11. [PUBMED] |
| 7. | Rachmilewitz D, Karmeli F, Schwartz LW, Simon PL. Effect of Aminopbenols (5-ASA and 4-ASA) on colonic interleukin-l generation. Gut 1992;33:929-32. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 8. | Tokui K, Asai Y, Arakawa T, Matsumoto T, Nabeshima T. Comparative absorption of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) after administration of a 5-ASA enema and salazosulf2pyridine (SASP) after an SASP suppository in Japanese volunteers. Biol Pharm Bull 2002;25:264-7. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 9. | Sandborn WJ, Hanauer SB, Buch A. Comparative pharmacokinetics of equimolar doses of 5-aminosalicylate administered as oral Mesalamine (Asacol) and balsalazide: A randomized, single-dose, crossover study in healthy volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19:1089-98. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 10. | Toliison CD, Satterthwaite JR, Tollison JW. Practical pain management. 3 rd ed. Lippincott Wil1iams and Wilkins; 2002.p.124. |
| 11. | Sugisaki K, Honma F, Iwadate H, Shio K, Shiova Y, Fukava E, et al. Ulcerative colitis occurring in the course of rheumatoid arthritis: A case successfully treated with Mesalamine enema. Intern Med 2004;43:1046-50. |
| 12. | Bird HA. Sulphasajazine, sulphapyridine or 5-aminosalicylic acid which is the active moiety in rheumatoid arthritis? Br J Rheumatol 1995;34:16-9. |
| 13. | van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Clegg DO, Dijkmans A. Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002;20:S67-70. |
| 14. | Toussirot E, Wendling D. Current guidelines for the drug treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Drugs 1998;56:225-40. |
| 15. | Dougados M, Dijkmans B, Khan M, Maksymowych W, van der Linden S, Brandt J. Conventional treatments for ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:iii40-50. |
| 16. | Ahnfelt-Ronne I, Nielsen OH. The anti-inflammatory moiety of Sulfasalazine, 5-minosalicylic acid, is a radical scavenger. Agents Actions 1987;21:191-4. |
| 17. | Aruoma OI, Wasil M, Halliwell B, Hoey BM, Butler J. The scavenging of oxidants by sulphasalazine and its metabolites: A possible contribution to their anti-in1lammatory effects? Biochem Pharmacol 1987;36:3739-42. |
| 18. | Gaginella TS, Walsh RE. Sulfasalazine: Multiplicity of action. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37:801-12. |
| 19. | Greenfield SM, Punchard NA, Tear JP, Thomposon RP. The mode of action of the aminosalicylates in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993;7:369-83. |
| 20. | Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Goodman Gilman A. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Chapter 39. 10 th ed. 2001. p. 1050. |
| 21. | Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Goodman Gilman A. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Chapter 27. 10 th ed. 2001. p. 712. |
| 22. | Charlesbrunicardi F, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, Dunn D, Hunter JG, Pollok RE. Schwartz's principles of surgery. Chapter 41. 8 th ed. 2005. p. 1641. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1], [Table 2]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for postoperative pain control after lumbar spine surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |
|
| Zhifeng Zhang,Haihua Xu,Yunhui Zhang,Wei Li,Yanjie Yang,Tian Han,Zhihui Wei,Xue Xu,Jingui Gao | | Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2017; 43: 84 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
A narrative review of non-operative treatment, especially traditional Chinese medicine therapy, for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation |
|
| Bo Zhang,Haidong Xu,Juntao Wang,Bin Liu,Guodong Sun | | BioScience Trends. 2017; 11(4): 406 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Expression of acid-sensing ion channels in nucleus pulposus cells of the human intervertebral disk is regulated by non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs |
|
| X. Sun,J. Jin,J.-G. Zhang,L. Qi,F. K. Braun,X.-D. Zhang,F. Xu | | Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica. 2014; 46(9): 774 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Beyond opioid patient-controlled analgesia: A systematic review of analgesia after major spine surgery |
|
| Sharma, S. and Balireddy, R.K. and Vorenkamp, K.E. and Durieux, M.E. | | Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2012; 37(1): 79-98 | | [Pubmed] | | | 5 |
Beyond Opioid Patient-Controlled Analgesia |
|
| Sonal Sharma,Ravi K. Balireddy,Kevin E. Vorenkamp,Marcel E. Durieux | | Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2012; 37(1): 79 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of management strategies for sciatica: Systematic review and economic model |
|
| Lewis, R. and Williams, N. and Matar, H. and Din, N. and Fitzsimmons, D. and Phillips, C. and Jones, M. and Sutton, A. and Burton, K. and Nafees, S. and Hendry, M. and Rickard, I. and Chakraverty, R. and Wilkinson, C. | | Health Technology Assessment. 2011; 15(39): iii-303 | | [Pubmed] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
