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| LETTER TO EDITOR |
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| Year : 2010 | Volume
: 58
| Issue : 3 | Page : 492-493 |
Intracranial gossypiboma: An under-reported entity
Aliasgar V Moiyadi1, Prathamesh Pai2, Pankaj Chaturvedi2, Anil D'Cruz2
1 Department of Surgical Oncology, Neurosurgical Services, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
2 Department of Surgical Oncology, Head and Neck Services, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
| Date of Acceptance | 12-Oct-2009 |
| Date of Web Publication | 17-Jul-2010 |
Correspondence Address:
Aliasgar V Moiyadi
Department of Surgical Oncology, Neurosurgical Services, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.65522
How to cite this article:
Moiyadi AV, Pai P, Chaturvedi P, D'Cruz A. Intracranial gossypiboma: An under-reported entity. Neurol India 2010;58:492-3 |
Sir,
A 23-year-old man presented to us with a recurrent skull base chondrosarcoma (having undergone surgery elsewhere 2 years ago). He had a large swelling in the right temporal region extending into the lateral orbit (producing proptosis) and involving the ipsilateral maxilla and mandible. He was blind in the right eye and had right-sided fifth nerve palsy (since the time of first surgery). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a large tumor of heterogenous intensity [Figure 1]b-d involving the right temporal bone extending into the infratemporal fossa, orbit, maxilla and the ipsilateral mandible with intracranial extension into the middle cranial fossa. A uniformly hypointense (on T1- as well as T2-weighted MR images) well-rounded lesion in the temporal base was noted, which retrospectively was realized to be the gauze piece. We acknowledge that in view of the extent and heterogeneity of the lesion, we did not consider this possibility preoperatively. On subsequent review of the computed tomography (CT) scan performed immediately following the first surgery in 2004, a well-defined hyperdense mass in the same area [Figure 1]a could be appreciated. We performed an anterolateral craniofacial resection with a free anterolateral thigh flap reconstruction. At surgery, the temporal pole appeared gliotic and a well-defined mass measuring 2 cm in diameter was seen within the parenchyma. When separated and delivered out, it was clearly seen to be a rolled-up gauze piece covered with blood clots. There was no suppuration. No intradural tumor was identified. The postoperative recovery was smooth, except for transient cerebrospinal fluid leak (rhinorrhoea), which responded to drainage lumbar punctures. The postoperative MRI showed no residue [Figure 2]. The final histopathology was a recurrent chondrosarcoma and he was subsequently referred for adjuvant radiotherapy.
Gossypibomas are often an embarrassment for most surgeons. Although reported in general surgical literature, [1],[2] gossypibomas in the neurosurgical setting are extremely uncommon, most probably due to under-reporting. A review in 2001 found only seven articles addressing this topic in the neurosurgical literature. [3] Although most of the cases reviewed had no adverse consequences due to the retained material, the authors warned of the potential complications and medicolegal implications of such accidents. Retained gauze pieces following spinal surgeries are known. [3],[4] Few other cases of "muslinomas" secondary to intentional wrapping of aneurysms [5],[6] and gossypibomas secondary to resorbable hemostatic agents [7] have also been reported. Intracranial-retained gauze is extremely rare, if not unreported. Although the previous surgery in our patient was performed elsewhere and the operating surgeons were not available for discussion, the most likely scenario would have been (given the location of the lesion and proximity to the pterygoid plexus and cavernous sinus) torrential intraoperative bleeding necessitating packing with gauze. The blood-covered gauze may have then been overlooked during the closure leading to its retention and gossypiboma formation.
The CT and MRI appearance of retained gauze/cotton is highly variable, depending on the time period following surgery when it is imaged. [8] A centrally hyperintense lesion on T2-weighted MR images surrounded by a rim of hypointensity is the most commonly reported finding. A central wavy or spotted pattern is also suggestive of a gauze piece. [4] However, any well-defined mass at the operative site, in the absence of blood, should always be looked upon suspiciously. In the presence of recurrent tumor, the finding may be missed. This happened in our case too, although retrospectively, we realized that the uniformly hypointense area was distinctly different from the rest of the tumor imaging morphology and that its location corresponded to the site of the retained gauze intraoperatively.
Most gossypibomas in the neurosurgical patient remain clinically silent. [3] However, the potential to elicit a foreign body reaction and subsequent mass effect cannot be overlooked, as also the risk of suppuration with fatal complications. A cautious and unhurried approach during surgery is mandated to prevent such occurrences, especially in long and emergency surgeries. [1] Careful counting of all gauze pieces and use of tailed cotton/gauze would help eliminate such accidents. Meticulous inspection of the wound before closure should be routine and not left to juniors assisting the surgery. When intentionally left behind, it should be clearly documented to avoid confusion in interpreting postoperative scans.
| » References | |  |
| 1. | Gawande AA, Studdert DM, Orav EJ, Brennan TA, Zinner MJ. Risk factors for retained instruments and sponges after surgery. N Engl J Med 2003;348:229-35.  [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 2. | Bani-Hani KE, Gharaibeh KA, Yaghan RJ. Retained surgical sponges (gossypiboma). Asian J Surg 2005;28:109-15. [PUBMED] |
| 3. | Marquardt G, Rettig J, Lang J, Seifert V. Retained surgical sponges, a denied neurosurgical reality? Cautionary note. Neurosurg Rev 2001;24:41-3. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 4. | Atabey C, Turgut M, Ilica AT. Retained surgical sponge in differential diagnosis of paraspinal soft-tissue mass after posterior spinal surgery: Report of eight cases. Neurol India 2009;57:320-3. [PUBMED]  |
| 5. | Brochert A, Reynolds T, Baker R. MRI in a case of muslin-induced granuloma. Neuroradiology 2003;45:82-4. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 6. | Vishteh AG, Apostolides PJ, Dean B, Spetzler RF. Magnetic resonance image of postcraniotomy retained cotton or rayon. Case illustration. J Neurosurg 1998;88:928. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 7. | Ribalta T, McCutcheon IE, Neto AG, Gupta D, Kumar AJ, Biddle DA, et al. Textiloma (gossypiboma) mimicking recurrent intracranial tumor. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004;128:749-58. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 8. | Prasad S, Krishnan A, Limdi J, Patankar T. Imaging features of gossypiboma: report of two cases. J Postgrad Med 1999;45:18-9. [PUBMED] |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
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