Brivazens
Neurology India
menu-bar5 Open access journal indexed with Index Medicus
  Users online: 6283  
 Home | Login 
About Editorial board Articlesmenu-bullet NSI Publicationsmenu-bullet Search Instructions Online Submission Subscribe Videos Etcetera Contact
  Navigate Here 
 Search
 
  
 Resource Links
  »  Similar in PUBMED
 »  Search Pubmed for
 »  Search in Google Scholar for
 »Related articles
  »  Article in PDF (736 KB)
  »  Citation Manager
  »  Access Statistics
  »  Reader Comments
  »  Email Alert *
  »  Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)  

 
  In this Article
 »  Abstract
 »  Introduction
 »  Materials and Me...
 »  Results
 »  Discussion
 »  Acknowledgments
 »  References
 »  Article Figures
 »  Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed9849    
    Printed323    
    Emailed7    
    PDF Downloaded267    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 20    

Recommend this journal

 


 
Table of Contents    
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2010  |  Volume : 58  |  Issue : 6  |  Page : 863-868

Stroke risk factors and subtypes in different age groups: A hospital-based study


1 Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Chiayi, Taiwan
2 Department of Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Chiayi, Taiwan

Date of Acceptance31-Jul-2010
Date of Web Publication10-Dec-2010

Correspondence Address:
Jiann-Der Lee
6.West Sec. Chiapu Road, Putzu City, Chiayi Hsien, Taiwan, R.O.C
Taiwan
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: The Medical Research Project, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CMRPG660323), Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.73747

Rights and Permissions

 » Abstract 

Background/Aims: To compare the influence of stroke risk factors between different stroke types and age groups in Taiwan. Materials and Methods: During the study period, March 2007 to August 2008, 1,161 patients with acute ischemic stroke were admitted to the neurological ward. All the patients had risk factors work up and stroke subtype categorization. Results: The study cohort included 736 men and 425 women. Patients were grouped into three age groups: below 50 years (153, 13.2%); 50-75 years, (702, 60.5%) and above 75 years (306, 26.4%). Stroke subtypes included: (1) large-artery atherosclerosis (14.6%), cardioembolism (12%), small-artery occlusion (39.4%), stroke of other determined etiology (1.5%) and stroke of undetermined etiology (32.6%). Older patient group had higher frequency of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Younger age group of patients had high frequency of obesity and elevated serum triglyceride levels. Smoking and alcohol consumption were strongly related to men, and heart disease and obesity were related to women. Conclusions: The influence of risk factors at different ages is different. Awareness of the stroke risk factors before stroke and treatment with appropriate therapies or life modifications may have a bearing on the outcomes.


Keywords: Age stratification, stroke, stroke risk factors, stroke subtypes


How to cite this article:
Wu CY, Wu HM, Lee JD, Weng HH. Stroke risk factors and subtypes in different age groups: A hospital-based study. Neurol India 2010;58:863-8

How to cite this URL:
Wu CY, Wu HM, Lee JD, Weng HH. Stroke risk factors and subtypes in different age groups: A hospital-based study. Neurol India [serial online] 2010 [cited 2023 Sep 24];58:863-8. Available from: https://www.neurologyindia.com/text.asp?2010/58/6/863/73747



 » Introduction Top


Stroke is an important health issue worldwide and the risk factor profile may vary with ethnicity, geographic region, age, gender and stroke subtype. [1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7] To reduce the stroke burden preventive strategies are important. The well established risk factors of ischemic stroke include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, previous stroke, smoking, alcohol and hyperlipidemia and also obesity. [8],[9],[10],[10],[11] Hospital-based stroke registries help to study the relationship between stroke, risk factors and prognosis. Our on-line registration system records the patients who are admitted to all four branches of Chang Gung hospitals, distributed from the north to the south of Taiwan, due to acute stroke. Our registration items include stroke history, past history, clinical presentations, stroke risk factors, related examination reports and clinical scores of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stroke scale, Barthel index and Modified Rankin scale of each stroke patient.

This is a prospective hospital-based study aimed at to analyze the risk factors and the stroke subtypes in different age groups in Taiwan.


 » Materials and Methods Top


The clinical data of 1,161 patients with stroke admitted to the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkuo Medical Center, between March 2007 and August 2008 were collected prospectively and the permission of the Hospital Ethical Committee was obtained to analyze the data. All patients were examined by neurologists. The investigation workup included brain computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electrocardiography (ECG) and transcranial colored Doppler/coded common carotid Doppler (TCD/CCCD). Patients also received cerebral angiography, including CT-angiography (CTA), MR-angiography (MRA), conventional angiography, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) or further transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) if further evaluation was needed to determine the stroke subtypes. Ischemic stroke was defined as a stroke with either a normal CT scan or evidence of a recent infarct in the clinically relevant area of the brain. Patients who suffered from acute stroke symptoms and recovered completely within 24 h were diagnosed to have transient ischemic attack (TIA) and were included in the analysis. Patients with intracranial hemorrhage or venous sinus thrombosis were excluded from the study. The data collected included: age, sex, and the stroke risk factors, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), heart disease, previous stroke, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity., serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride (TG) serum level. Patients were considered to be hypertensive if the average systolic blood pressure (BP) or diastolic BP was 140 mmHg and 90 mmHg respectively after 7 days of acute stroke, or if the patients were taking antihypertensive medication. Diabetes mellitus was defined by either of the following criteria: (1) if the patient had the diagnosis and (2) if at least two fasting glucose readings were 126 mg/dl or higher. Heart diseases include atrial fibrillation, rheumatic heart disease, non-rheumatic valvular heart disease, patent foramen ovale, congestive heart failure, infective endocarditis, sick sinus syndrome and ischemic heart disease. Previous stroke history was defined by previous diagnosis by a neurologist. A patient was defined as a smoker if he or she had been a current smoker in the last 6 months (20 cigarettes per day in men and 15 per day in women) or a smoker for more than 6 months. Positive alcohol consumption was recorded if a patient had drunk, daily, more than 20 g of alcohol per day for more than 6 months. Cholesterol, LDL, HDL and TG were done during hospitalization after fasting for at least 8 h. Our study recorded serum lipid concentrations without defining them as normal or abnormal. A stroke patient with a history of dyslipidemia may have normal serum lipid levels if controlled with medicine before the index stroke. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) above 25, calculated by the body height and weight checked at admission. Stroke subtypes were classified according to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification system: [12] (1) large-artery atherosclerosis (LAD), (2) cardioembolism (CE), (3) small-artery occlusion (SAO), (4) stroke of other determined etiology (SOD) and (5) stroke of undetermined etiology (SUD). The patients with TIA were also classified by TOAST classification based the clinical and investigative evidence. The data obtained were evaluated according to age, gender, risk factors and stroke subtypes. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS version 16 software. The X-square method, Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Scheffι's method were used for the comparison of descriptive statistical methods (average, standard deviation) and qualitative data. Significance was found to be P <0.05 and the confidence range was 95%.


 » Results Top


Of the 1,161 patients, 736 were males (63.4%, mean age 64.46 years (SD: 13.75) and 425 females (36.6%, mean age 68.64 (SD: 12.86). The age distribution was: below 50 years (153, 13.2%); 50-75 years (702 patients (60.5%) and above 75 years (306, 26.4%). Stroke subtype by TOAST criteria: LAD - 169 (14.6%); CE - 139 (12%); SAO - 457 (39.4%); SOD - 17 (1.5%); and SUD - 379 (32.6%). The frequencies of the various risk factors in the different age groups are shown in [Table 1].
Table 1: Distribution of risk factors according to age groups


Click here to view


The risk factors hypertension and DM were more frequent in the older group than in the younger group. Patients above the age of 75 years had lower serum concentrations of triglyceride than those of the younger group. There was no difference between the groups with age below 50 years and those aged 50-75 years. When the patients were divided by gender, heart disease, smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity showed a significant gender difference, as shown in [Table 2].
Table 2: Distribution of risk factors according to sex


Click here to view


The distribution of different stroke subtypes in the different age groups is shown in [Table 3], [Figure 1]. In the younger age group there was higher proportion of SAO and SOD and it was SUD in in the older group. However, only SOD showed a significant difference by the chi-square test of trend (P = 0.013). The data of gender in the different age groups is shown in [Table 4], [Figure 2]. An increasing number of female patients were seen in the older age group. There was no significant between the stroke subtypes by gender (c2 = 2.34, P = 0.673).
Table 3: Distribution of stroke subtypes according to age groups


Click here to view
Table 4: Sex related to age groups


Click here to view
Figure 1: There was significantly less stroke of other determined etiology in patients in the older group. There were no differences of other stroke types between different age stratifications

Click here to view
Figure 2: Increasing number of female patients with increasing age

Click here to view


The relationship between serum and increasing age was significant [Table 5], but no obvious relationship between LDL, HDL and cholesterol concentration and the age. There was a significantly lower concentration of TG in the above 75-years group compared with the other two younger groups by Scheffι's method in the post hoc analysis. Seventy-two patients in our study belonged to the very old age group (aged 85 or older). There were significantly higher proportions of SUD (44.4%) and SVO (27.8%) and higher ratio of heart disease (37.5%) in the very old patients, shown in [Table 6].
Table 5: Fasting serum lipid levels related to age groups


Click here to view
Table 6: Risk factors compared with very old patients and younger patients


Click here to view



 » Discussion Top


This stroke registry-based study analysed the relation between different stroke risk factors and age, as well as stroke subtype. Hypertension and DM were frequent risk factors in the older patients. Similar were the observations with regard to hypertension in other studies, but not with regard to DM. [2],[13],[14] The increasing prevalence of DM in the older age group seen in this study may be related to the changing dietary habits in the population. In this study incidence of stroke subtypes, SAO and SOD was higher in the young group as compared to the old group, thus suggesting possible differences in the etiological factors in different age groups. Collagen vascular diseases, moyamoya disease, polycythemia vera and fibromuscular dysplasia were the risk factors in five patients with SOD stroke subtype. Small artery occlusion in younger patients has more diverse causes and requires extensive investigative workup. [15]

The significantly higher frequency of smoking and alcohol consumption in the males is probably related to the cultural differences, as these habits are quite common for Chinese male. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are popular measures to show welcome and hospitality in Chinese culture, but are inappropriate for decent women. Higher percentage of heart diseases and obesity in female patients observed in this study has not been documented in Taiwan before, however such observations have been reported from studies in Spain. [7]

Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for coronary artery disease, [16],[17],[18] but its relation to stroke is still controversial. In this study significantly low levels of serum triglyceride were observed in the above 75 age group compared to the other groups. This may reflect the poor nutritional status in the elderly [19] or dietary habits in the young. Younger patients are more likely to be exposed to western-type diet, which contains higher total fat. [20] The other possible factor could be statin therapy in the older patients. Based on these observations we may not be able to conclude that hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for ischemic stroke in young Chinese and further prospective, community-based studies are needed. Studies have questioned the reliability of fasting serum lipid profile in the diagnosis of dyslipidemia immediate to the ictus. One prospective study suggestd that the ideal timing for lipid profile screening is 12 weeks after the acute stroke. [21] It is also not clear whether the fasting lipid profile represents the normal state. [22] Teno et al. showed that postprandial hypertriglyceridemia, despite normal fasting triglyceride levels, may be an independent risk factor for early atherosclerosis. Exposure to elevated postprandial triglyceride levels may last for many hours. Frequent checking of lipid levels at different times may improve the sensitivity of detecting the abnormalities. Earlier studies have also shown that low fasting serum triglyceride levels in acute stroke may be related to larger infarct volume and more severe stroke. [23],[24] In young patients lacunar strokes may be more common than the large artery stroke as shown in our study.

In the very old patient group, CE and LAA were the common stroke subtypes in a study in Spain, [25] while SVO was the common stroke subtype in a study in Argentina. [26] In our study there were significantly higher proportions of SUD (44.4%) and SVO (27.8%) and higher ratio of heart disease (37.5%) in the very old patients. Coronary heart disease is more common in patients aged 80 years or older, while hyperlipidemia and smoking are common in younger patients. [2],[25],[26]

[Table 7] summarizes the distribution of stroke subtypes by TOAST classification in different studies. The frequency distribution of stroke subtypes varied from registry to registry. This may in part be due to differences in the study design, racial-ethnic differences and patient selection methods. With changing era, the lifespan, cardiovascular risk factors profile, there may be changes in the presentation of stroke syndromes. [27] Following this issue with time and changing the policies is very important. This work details the present day profile and management of ischemic stroke in Taiwan.
Table 7: General characteristics of several stroke studies using the TOAST classification


Click here to view



 » Acknowledgments Top


This work was supported by the Medical Research Project, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CMRPG660323).[32]

 
 » References Top

1.White H, Boden-Albala B, Wang C, Elkind MS, Rundek T, Wright CB, et al. Ischemic stroke subtype incidence among whites, blacks, and Hispanics: The Northern Manhattan Study. Circulation 2005;111:1327-31.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.Lee M, Huang WY, Weng HH, Lee JD, Lee TH. First-ever ischemic stroke in very old Asians: Clinical features, stroke subtypes, risk factors and outcome. Eur Neurol 2007;58:44-8.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.Song YM, Kwon SU, Sung J, Ebrahim S, Smith GD, Sunwoo S, et al. Different risk factor profiles between subtypes of ischemic stroke. A case-control study in Korean men. Eur J Epidemiol 2005;20:605-12.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.Markus HS, Khan U, Birns J, Evans A, Kalra L, Rudd AG, et al. Differences in stroke subtypes between black and white patients with stroke: The South London Ethnicity and Stroke Study. Circulation 2007;116:2157-64.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.Kitamura A, Nakagawa Y, Sato M, Iso H, Sato S, Imano H, et al. Proportions of stroke subtypes among men and women > or =40 years of age in an urban Japanese city in 1992, 1997, and 2002. Stroke 2006;37:1374-8.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.Schulz UG, Rothwell PM. Differences in vascular risk factors between etiological subtypes of ischemic stroke: Importance of population-based studies. Stroke 2003;34:2050-9.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.Roquer J, Campello AR, Gomis M. Sex differences in first-ever acute stroke. Stroke 2003;34:1581-5.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.Zhang X, Shu XO, Gao YT, Yang G, Li H, Zheng W. General and abdominal adiposity and risk of stroke in Chinese women. Stroke 2009;40:1098-104.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.Zhang WW, Liu CY, Wang YJ, Xu ZQ, Chen Y, Zhou HD. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of stroke: A 5-year follow-up study in a Chinese population. J Neurol 2009;256:1493-9.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.Funada S, Shimazu T, Kakizaki M, Kuriyama S, Sato Y, Matsuda-Ohmori K, et al. Body mass index and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japan: The Ohsaki Study. Prev Med 2008;47:66-70.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.Milionis HJ, Filippatos TD, Derdemezis CS, Kalantzi KJ, Goudevenos J, Seferiadis K, et al. Excess body weight and risk of first-ever acute ischaemic non-embolic stroke in elderly subjects. Eur J Neurol 2007;14:762-9.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.Adams HP, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke 1993;24:35-41.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.Rojas JI, Zurru MC, Romano M, Patrucco L, Cristiano E. Acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack in the very old--risk factor profile and stroke subtype between patients older than 80 years and patients aged less than 80 years. Eur J Neurol 2007;14:895-9.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.Yip PK, Jeng JS, Lee TK, Chang YC, Huang ZS, Ng SK, et al. Subtypes of ischemic stroke. A hospital-based stroke registry in Taiwan (SCAN-IV). Stroke 1997;28:2507-12.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.Adams HP, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Gordon DL, Love BB, Gomez F, et al. Ischemic stroke in young adults. Experience in 329 patients enrolled in the Iowa Registry of stroke in young adults. Arch Neurol 1995;52:491-5.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.Ballantyne CM, Herd JA, Ferlic LL, Dunn JK, Farmer JA, Jones PH, et al. Influence of low HDL on progression of coronary artery disease and response to fluvastatin therapy. Circulation 1999;99:736-43.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.Stampfer MJ, Sacks FM, Salvini S, Willett WC, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1991;325:373-81.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.Miller GJ, Miller NE. Plasma-high-density-lipoprotein concentration and development of ischaemic heart-disease. Lancet 1975;1:16-9.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.Manolio TA, Ettinger WH, Tracy RP, Kuller LH, Borhani NO, Lynch JC, et al. Epidemiology of low cholesterol levels in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation 1993;87:728-37.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.Zhou BF, Stamler J, Dennis B, Moag-Stahlberg A, Okuda N, Robertson C, et al. Nutrient intakes of middle-aged men and women in China, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States in the late 1990s: The INTERMAP study. J Hum Hypertens 2003;17:623-30.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.Yan B, Parsons M, McKay S, Campbell D, Infeld B, Czajko R, et al. When to measure lipid profile after stroke? Cerebrovasc Dis 2005;19:234-8.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.Teno S, Uto Y, Nagashima H, Endoh Y, Iwamoto Y, Omori Y, et al. Association of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1401-6.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.Pikija S, Milevcic D, Trkulja V, Kidemet-Piskac S, Pavlicek I, Sokol N. Higher serum triglyceride level in patients with acute ischemic stroke is associated with lower infarct volume on CT brain scans. Eur Neurol 2006;55:89-92.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.Dziedzic T, Slowik A, Gryz EA, Szczudlik A. Lower serum triglyceride level is associated with increased stroke severity. Stroke 2004;35:e151-2.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.Arboix A, Miguel M, Ciscar E, Garcia-Eroles L, Massons J, Balcells M. Cardiovascular risk factors in patients aged 85 or older with ischemic stroke. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2006;108:638-43.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.Rojas JI, Zurru MC, Romano M, Patrucco L, Cristiano E. Acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack in the very old--risk factor profile and stroke subtype between patients older than 80 years and patients aged less than 80 years. Eur J Neurol 2007;14:895-9.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.Arboix A, Cendros V, Besa M, Garcia-Eroles L, Oliveres M, Targa C, et al. Trends in risk factors, stroke subtypes and outcome. Nineteen-year data from the Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona stroke registry. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008;26:509-16.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.Arboix A, Morcillo C, Garcia-Eroles L, Oliveres M, Massons J, Targa C. Different vascular risk factor profiles in ischemic stroke subtypes: A study from the "Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry". Acta Neurol Scand 2000;102:264-70.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.Vemmos KN, Takis CE, Georgilis K, Zakopoulos NA, Lekakis JP, Papamichael CM, et al. The Athens stroke registry: Results of a five-year hospital-based study. Cerebrovasc Dis 2000;10:133-41.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.Lee BI, Nam HS, Heo JH, Kim DI. Yonsei Stroke Registry. Analysis of 1,000 patients with acute cerebral infarctions. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001;12:145-51.  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.Lee BC, Hwang SH, Jung S, Yu KH, Lee JH, Cho SJ, et al. The Hallym Stroke Registry: A web-based stroke data bank with an analysis of 1,654 consecutive patients with acute stroke. Eur neurol 2005;54:81-7.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.Ghandehari K, Izadi Z. The Khorasan Stroke Registry: Results of a five-year hospital-based study. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007;23:132-9.  Back to cited text no. 32
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6], [Table 7]

This article has been cited by
1 Acupuncture Is Effective at Reducing the Risk of Stroke in Patients with Migraines: A Real-World, Large-Scale Cohort Study with 19-Years of Follow-Up
Chung-Chih Liao, Chi-Hsien Chien, Ying-Hsiu Shih, Fuu-Jen Tsai, Jung-Miao Li
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3): 1690
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 Determining the Proportionality of Ischemic Stroke Risk Factors to Age
Elizabeth Hunter, John D. Kelleher
Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2023; 10(2): 42
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 DRUG UTILIZATION PATTERN AND RISK ELEMENTS OF STROKE PATIENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY.
Giridhar Dasegowda, Girish M Bengalorkar, Salma Sadaf, Priyanka Prasanna Kumar Belaguthi, Sanjiti Mirmire, Rachana Suresh
INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH. 2021; : 20
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
4 Diagnosing Stroke in Acute Vertigo: Sensitivity and Specificity of HINTS Battery in Indian Population
Dushyant Sankalia, Sudhir Kothari, DeepakS Phalgune
Neurology India. 2021; 69(1): 97
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
5 The relationship between aortic stiffness index and stroke severity in patients with acute ischemic stroke
Pinar AYDIN OZTURK, Ünal ÖZTÜRK, Önder ÖZTÜRK
Cukurova Medical Journal. 2021; 46(4): 1336
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
6 A hospital-based study on ischaemic stroke characteristics, management, and outcomes in Sarawak: Where do we stand?
Teck Long King, Lee Len Tiong, Zurainah Kaman, Win Moe Zaw, Zariah Abdul Aziz, Law Wan Chung
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2020; 29(9): 105012
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
7 Treatment Outcome and Its Determinants among Patients Admitted to Stroke Unit of Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia
Ameha Zeleke Zewudie, Tolcha Regasa, Solomon Hambisa, Dejen Nureye, Yitagesu Mamo, Temesgen Aferu, Desalegn Feyissa, Tewodros Yosef, Tauheed Ishrat
Stroke Research and Treatment. 2020; 2020: 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
8 Etiological classification of ischemic stroke in young patients: a comparative study of TOAST, CCS, and ASCO
Elif Gökçal,Elvin Niftaliyev,Talip Asil
Acta Neurologica Belgica. 2017; 117(3): 643
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
9 Comparison of Risk Factor between Lacunar Stroke and Large Artery Atherosclerosis Stroke: A Cross-Sectional Study in China
Pu Lv,Haiqiang Jin,Yuanyuan Liu,Wei Cui,Qing Peng,Ran Liu,Wei Sun,Chenghe Fan,Yuming Teng,Weiping Sun,Yining Huang,Yan Li
PLOS ONE. 2016; 11(3): e0149605
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
10 Risk Factors Associated with Recurrent Strokes in Young and Elderly Patients: A Hospital-based Study
Guang-Rong Fu,Wei-Qiang Yuan,Wan-Liang Du,Zhong-Hua Yang,Na Fu,Hua-Guang Zheng,Zi-Xiao Li,Yu-Ming Huang,Yu-Mmei Zhang,Guang-Zheng Dai,Hua-Bing Wang,Jian-Mei Li,Jing-Dong Yi,Qing-Biao Yang,Hong-Jun Tian,Li-Nan He,Geng-Yu Li,Jia-Li Zhang,Li-Mei Yang,Yan Gao,Zi-Wei Fu
International Journal of Gerontology. 2015; 9(2): 63
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
11 Cardioembolic Stroke Is the Most Serious Problem in the Aging Society: Japan Standard Stroke Registry Study
Yuji Kato,Takeshi Hayashi,Norio Tanahashi,Shotai Kobayashi
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2015; 24(4): 811
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
12 Stroke: Morbidity, Risk Factors, and Care in Taiwan
Fang-I Hsieh,Hung-Yi Chiou
Journal of Stroke. 2014; 16(2): 59
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
13 Stroke in Asia: geographical variations and temporal trends
Man Mohan Mehndiratta,Maria Khan,Prachi Mehndiratta,Mohammad Wasay
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2014; 85(12): 1308
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
14 Lipid profile components and incident cerebrovascular events versus coronary heart disease; the result of 9years follow-up in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Maryam Tohidi,Reza Mohebi,Leila Cheraghi,Farhad Hajsheikholeslami,Saeed Aref,Sara Nouri,Fereidoun Azizi,Farzad Hadaegh
Clinical Biochemistry. 2013; 46(9): 716
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
15 Lipid profile components and incident cerebrovascular events versus coronary heart disease; the result of 9years follow-up in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Tohidi, M. and Mohebi, R. and Cheraghi, L. and Hajsheikholeslami, F. and Aref, S. and Nouri, S. and Azizi, F. and Hadaegh, F.
Clinical Biochemistry. 2013; 46(9): 716-721
[Pubmed]
16 Role of 17-beta estradiol in baroreflex sensitivity in the nucleus tractus solitarii via the autonomic system in ovariectomized rats
Pourshanazari, A. and Ciriello, J. and Tajadini, H.
Neurosciences. 2013; 18(2): 126-132
[Pubmed]
17 Risk factors for ischemic stroke; results from 9 years of follow-up in a population based cohort of Iran
Fahimfar, N. and Khalili, D. and Mohebi, R. and Azizi, F. and Hadaegh, F.
BMC Neurology. 2012; 12(117)
[Pubmed]
18 Age differences in clinical characteristics, health care, and outcomes after ischemic stroke in china
Deng, Y.-X. and Wang, Y.-L. and Gao, B.-Q. and Wang, C.-X. and Zhao, X.-Q. and Liu, L.-P. and Wang, A.-X. and Zhou, Y. and Liu, G.-F. and Du, W.-L. and Zhang, N. and Jing, J. and Meng, X. and Xu, J. and Wang, L.-Y. and Wang, Y.-J.
CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics. 2012; 18(10): 819-826
[Pubmed]
19 Risk factors for ischemic stroke; results from 9 years of follow-up in a population based cohort of Iran
Noushin Fahimfar,Davood Khalili,Reza Mohebi,Fereidoun Azizi,Farzad Hadaegh
BMC Neurology. 2012; 12(1): 117
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
20 Age Differences in Clinical Characteristics, Health care, and Outcomes after Ischemic Stroke in China
Ya-Xian Deng,Yi-Long Wang,Bao-Qin Gao,Chun-Xue Wang,Xing-Quan Zhao,Li-Ping Liu,An-Xin Wang,Yong Zhou,Gai-Fen Liu,Wan-Liang Du,Ning Zhang,Jing Jing,Xia Meng,Jie Xu,Lin-Yu Wang,Yong-Jun Wang
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 2012; 18(10): 819
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
Print this article  Email this article
   
Online since 20th March '04
Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow